TRON is a real-time OS that has been developed and developed by TRON Project since 1984. There are several types of TRON, including ITRON for embedded devices and BTRON for PC and PDA. ITRON is embedded in devices such as mobile phones, automatic engine controls, and video cameras. As a BTRON-specification OS that runs on a PC, an OS that can handle more characters (hundreds of thousands of characters compared to thousands of JIS characters) has been created.
Monthly Archives: November 2019
UNIX
UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking OS. UNIX was first developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories as an OS for minicomputers (around 1969), and after that, several OS was derived through various improvements, and there is now many OS named UNIX. UNIX runs on many computers, including large computers, workstations, and PCs. Linux and FreeBSD are often used as UNIX for PC.
The main advantages of UNIX are that many utility programs are convenient for program development and that there are a lot of network-related functions. The user interface was originally a command input from the keyboard, but recently, many have adopted a window system. UNIX is mainly used for research and development and server applications, as well as for personal use.
Mac OS
MacOS is Apple’s OS, which mainly runs on Apple’s PC hardware. There are several versions of the Mac OS, but the latest version is a single-user, multitasking OS based on UNIX. The main feature of Mac OS is the user interface by GUI like Windows. The operation usually uses a mouse with a single button. Mac OS has detailed guidelines for application interfaces, so operations are often similar even if the applications differ. In addition to daily use, Mac OS is used in fields such as music production, graphic production, and publishing.
Program execution method
There are two main methods for executing a high level language program: a compiler method and an interpreter method.
The compiler system is a system in which a high-level language program is converted into a machine language by a language processor called a compiler, and the obtained machine language program is executed by the CPU.
On the other hand, the interpreter method is a method in which a high level language program is interpreted and executed one by one without using a language processor called an interpreter and collectively converting the programs into a machine language.
Internet history
The Internet originated in the 1969 ARPANET experiment by the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA (now DARPA). ARPANET experiments have demonstrated that packet switching technology is effective for data communication and that data communication on a global scale can be achieved by standardizing the protocol (TCP / IP).
In the mid-1980s, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began supporting the project. In 1990, the original ARPANET was dismantled and led by the NSF network operated by NSF, and LAN servers of research facilities in the world including the United States were connected to this network. Later, this network was opened to commercial networks and developed rapidly.
The program is roughly divided into three stages.
[Stage 1] Specification decision stage
The first step is to define what to program. If this is not well thought out, even if a code change occurs in one place, the other code may have to be rewritten, and eventually all may be rewritten.
[Stage 2] Coding stage
The stage of writing code according to the specifications. It is also a stage where many programmer qualities are asked. In other words, whether or not a program that performs the same operation is not redundant and it is thought that bugs can be easily found depends greatly on the ability of the programmer.
[Stage 3] Quality confirmation and maintenance stage
Confirmation of the operation of the completed program and the correction stage accompanying specification changes. Even program development is the most difficult stage. It’s a patience and time-consuming task that needs to prove that the program works correctly under all conditions and doesn’t crash or break the system, so it tries every possible input.
High level language
A programming language closer to natural language or a programming language that easily expresses human thought is called a high-level language. For example, it is a programming language that can describe almost English, or a programming language that can describe mathematical expressions. The high- level language cannot be executed by the CPU as it is. It is converted into machine language using a compiler, and the CPU executes it. Alternatively, there is a method of interpreting and executing a high-level language using an interpreter without performing the conversion.
Assembly language
Assembly language is a programming language that describes machine language instructions in a way that is easy for humans to understand (close to English). One line of the program written in assembly language corresponds roughly to one instruction of the opportunity program. A word representing a machine language instruction (integer) is called a mnemonic. The mnemonic depends on the CPU and the assembly language used. For example, the second mock of a machine language instruction to move data is “MOV” (The word “move” from English).
Since assembly language is not a machine language, a CPU cannot execute a program written in assembly language. A program written in assembly language is converted into a machine language program by an assembler, and the obtained machine language program is executed.
In assembly language, you can specify each action that the CPU performs. Therefore, it is suitable for creating a program for finely controlling the input / output device.
Machine language
The only programming language that can be interpreted and executed by the CPU is machine language. A machine language program is a sequence of instructions that represent the operation of one unit of the CPU. Each instruction is represented by an integer for easy and high-speed interpretation / execution by the CPU. When a machine language program is stored in the main storage device (ROM or RAM) in advance and the start address is given to the program counter (: A storage device in the CPU that holds the address where the next instruction to be executed by the CPU is stored), the CPU fetches instructions one by one from the main storage device and executes them.
Yasuharu Nagura 